Chibanian: Western Eurasia (WEA)

About

The Chibanian, known also as the Middle Pleistocene, spans from approximately 774 Ka to 129 Ka..

The following material is being developed to describe and illustrate Chibanian hominin and archaeological sites across Western Eurasia. The list and map below are considered comprehensive but unlikely complete. The latter point is due to the preponderance of archaeological sites that continue to arise. Further, many such sites might be considered dubious from poor temporal information, site disturbance, questionable artifacts, and so on. Thus, the list provided is one which reflects a sample of largely accepted Early Pleistocene sites in Western Eurasia.

Show the code 
knitr::read_chunk('Mapcode.r')
Show the code 
library(leaflet)
require(leaflet.providers)
library(dplyr)
require(knitr)
require(gapminder)
library(htmltools)
require(magrittr)
require(tidyr)
library(leaflegend)
require(skimr)
require(knitr)
require(RefManageR)
require(devtools)
require(flextable)
require(ftExtra)
require(officer)
Show the code 
coordsX <- read.csv(print("C:/Users/danny/Documents/git/SiteMaps/ChibanianWEA.csv"))
[1] "C:/Users/danny/Documents/git/SiteMaps/ChibanianWEA.csv"
Show the code 
coords4 <- coordsX %>%select(-Country, -Ref., -Notes)

custom_div <- tags$div(
  HTML("<h3>Custom Styled Div</h3><p>This is an absolutely positioned HTML element overlaying the map.</p>"),
  style = "position: absolute; 
           top: 20px; 
           right: 20px; 
           z-index: 1000; /* Ensures the div is above map tiles but below some controls */
           background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); 
           padding: 15px; 
           border-radius: 5px; 
           width: 200px;
           box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);"
)


symbols <- makeSymbolIcons(
  shape = ifelse(coords4$Category == "Fossil", "star",
          ifelse(coords4$Category == "Arch", "circle", "diamond")),
  color = 'black',
  fillColor = 'white',
  opacity = 1,
  width = 10, 
  height = 10
)
Show the code 
# 1. Subset the data
coords_clustered <- coords4[coords4$Group %in% c("A", "B"), ]
coords_static    <- coords4[coords4$Group == "C", ]

# 2. Subset the icons to match the data
symbols_clustered <- symbols[coords4$Group %in% c("A", "B")]
symbols_static    <- symbols[coords4$Group == "C"]

f <- leaflet() %>%
  addTiles() %>%
  addProviderTiles(providers$Esri.WorldPhysical) %>%
  
  # 1. Clustered Markers (Groups A & B) - NO LABELS
  addMarkers(
    data = coords_clustered,
    ~Lng, ~Lat, 
    popup = paste("Site:", coords_clustered$Site, "<br>", "Age:", coords_clustered$Proposed.Absolute.Age),
    icon = symbols_clustered,
    clusterOptions = markerClusterOptions()
  ) %>%
  
  # 2. Static Markers (Group C)
  addMarkers(
    data = coords_static,
    ~Lng, ~Lat, 
    popup = paste("Site:", coords_static$Site, "<br>", "Age:", coords_static$Proposed.Absolute.Age),
    icon = symbols_static
  ) %>%
  
  # 3. Draggable Labels (ONLY for Group C)
  addMarkers(
    data = coords_static,
    ~Lng, ~Lat,
    options = markerOptions(draggable = TRUE, opacity = 0), 
    label = ~Number,
    labelOptions = labelOptions(
      noHide = TRUE, 
      textOnly = TRUE, 
      direction = 'left',
      style = list(
        "color" = "black",
        "font-family" = "serif",
        "font-size" = "11px",
        "font-weight" = "bold")
    )
  )
Warning in validateCoords(lng, lat, funcName): Data contains 1 rows with either
missing or invalid lat/lon values and will be ignored
Warning in validateCoords(lng, lat, funcName): Data contains 1 rows with either
missing or invalid lat/lon values and will be ignored
Show the code 
f
Show the code 
htmltools::save_html(f, file = "C:/Users/danny/Documents/git/SiteMaps/Output/paleomap4.html")
Show the code 
colnames(coords4) <- c("Number", "Site", "Proposed Absolute Age (Ma)", "Dating Method", "Paleontology", "Archaeology", "Hominin Fossils", "Lat", "Long", "Ref")

knitr::kable(coords4, align = "c")
Number Site Proposed Absolute Age (Ma) Dating Method Paleontology Archaeology Hominin Fossils Lat Long Ref NA NA
1 Fordwich .773-.607 IR-RF, Paleomagnetism 500+ stone artifacts (flakes, cores, scrapers, bifaces) 51.28660 1.125200 35, 36 C Arch
2 Pagliare di Sassa 0.75-0.6 Paleomagnetism, Biostratigraphy Mammuthus sp., Staphanorhinus hundsheimensis, Hippopotamus antiquus, Sus scrofa, Megaloceros savini, Praemegaceros verticornis, Miomys savini, Microtus hintoni 2 flint flakes 42.34970 13.311100 46, 47 B Arch
3 Cimitero di Atella 0.74-0.48 40Ar/39Ar, ESR Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Cervus elaphus, Dama dama 1048 stone artifacts (Mode 1, cores, flakes, “large tools”, “small tools”, retouch flakes) 40.87230 15.651400 2, 53 C Arch
4 Pakefield ~0.7 Paleomagnetism, Biostratigraphy Mimomys savini, Castor fiber, Trogontherium cuvieri, Homotherium sp., Panthera leo, Canis lupus, Crocuta crocuta, Ursus sp., Mammuthus trogontherii, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Equus sp., Equus altidens, Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis, Hippopotamus amphibius, Sus scrofa, Megaloceros verticornis, Megaloceros savini, Megaloceros dawkinsi, Dama dama, Cervus elaphus, Bison sp. Mode 1 52.42971 1.729150 19, 61, 68 C Arch
5 Colle Marino ~0.7 Crocuta breviostris Flakes, denticulates, choppers 41.75897 13.120500 3 B Arch
6 La Noira 0.678-0.638 ESR 918 stone artifacts (bifaces, cleavers, scrapers, denticulates, flakes, cores) 47.14780 2.143800 33, 42, 68 C Arch
7 Notarchirico 0.675-0.61 Mode 2 H. heidelbergensis 40.96890 15.888400 44 C Both
8 Moulin Quignon 0.67-0.65 ESR Molluscs (Borysthenia naticina, Tanousia cf. stenostoma) >250 stone artifacts (Mode 2, flakes, cores, bifaces) 50.12167 1.848330 7, 11 C Arch
9 Rampart Fields 0.62-0.56 Mode 2 (1 handaxe, 4 flakes, and 1 core) 52.31000 0.600000 22 A Arch
10 Brandon Fields 0.62-0.56 148 bifaces 52.43540 0.594900 22, 31 A Arch
11 Valle Giumentina 0.62-0.42 40Ar/39Ar 119 stone artifacts (cores, flakes, notches) 42.18300 14.023000 66, 67 B Arch
12 Mauer ~0.6 Biostratigraphy Arvicola mosbachensis, Pliomys episcopalis, Pliomys coronensis, Sorex savini, Equus antiquus, Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis H. heidelbergensis 49.20540 8.482000 69 C Fossil
13 Sima de los Huesos 0.6-0.53 U-Series, Biostratigraphy Ursus deningeri, Panthera leo, Clethrionomys acrorhiza, Allocricetus correzensis, Pliomys lenki, Apodemus sylvaticus, Eliomys quercinus, Microtus sp., Miniopterus screibersi H. heidelbergensis 42.35000 -3.520000 27 C Fossil
14 Isernia la Pineta 0.583-0.561 40Ar/39Ar Bison shoetensacki, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Staphanorhinus hundsheimensis, Hippopotamus cf. antiquus, Premegaceros solihacus, Cervus elaphus cf. acoronatus, Dama cf. roberti, Capreolus sp., Sus scrofa, Hemitragus cf. bonali, Ursus deningeri, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo, Arvicola mosbachensis, Pliomys episcopalis, Microtus arvalidens >600 stone artifacts (discoid cores and flakes) Homo sp. 41.59160 14.240400 26, 48 B Both
15 Rue du Manege 0.563-0.533 ESR 23 stone artifacts (cores, cortical flakes, flakes) 49.88580 2.281100 5 C Arch
16 Arago 0.56-0.53 ESR, U-series, biostratigraphy Hemitragus bonali, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Ursus deningeri, Cervus elaphus, Dama sp., Praeovibos priscus, Rangifer tarandus, Bison priscus, Equus mosbachensis, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Cuon priscus ~150k stone artifacts (flakes, cores, pebble tools, bifaces, notches, denticulates) H. heidelbergensis 42.83970 2.754900 12, 25 C Both
17 Carpentier Quarry 0.55-0.5 ESR, U-series, biostratigraphy Arvicola cantiana/mosbachensis, Talpa minor, Trogontherium, Pliomys cf. lenki, Stephanorhinus hundseimensis, Mammuthus meridionalis, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Sus scrofa, Homotherium latidens, Cervus cf. elaphus, Bos primigenius, Ursus deningeri, Mustela nivalis 5 flakes and 3 bifaces 50.10660 1.830000 5, 6 C Arch
18 Warren Hill 0.533-0.478 ESR >2000 stone artifacts (bifaces, flakes, scrapers. Cores) 52.33480 0.557600 22 A Arch
19 High Lodge 0.533-0.479 Biostratigraphy Stephanorhinus hundshiemensis, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Trogontherium sp. >1000 stone artifacts (notches, denticulates, scrapers, flakes, cores, bifaces) 52.34920 0.551300 16, 59 A Arch
20 Boxgrove 0.533-0.481 Biostratigraphy Sorex runtonensis, Sorex savini, Pliomys episcopalis, Arvicola terrestris cantiana, Microtus gregalis, Ursus deningeri, Stephanorhinus hundsheimensis, Megaloceros dawkinsi, Megaloceros cf. verticornis Bifaces, end scrapers, side scrapers, transverse and notch scrapers, hammerstones H. heidelbergensis 50.86990 -0.698000 60 C Both
21 Ficoncella ~0.5 40Ar/39Ar Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Equus sp., Hippopotamus sp., Dama sp., Bos primigenius, Talpa europea 409 stone artifacts (flakes, cores, retouch flakes) 42.24700 11.732900 9 C Arch
22 La Grande Vallee 0.5-0.4 TL, geomorphology >18k stone artifacts (bifaces, scrapers, denticulates, flakes, cores) 46.58022 0.340375 34 C Arch
23 Visogliano 0.5-0.35 ESR, U-series, biostratigraphy Stephanorhinus hundshaimensis, Sus scrofa, Dama clactoniana, Cervus elaphus, Bison shoetensacki, Ursus deningeri, Canis mosbachenisis, Martes martes, Meles meles, Allocricetus bursae, Arvicola cantianus, Dinaromys bogdanovi 2000+ stone artifacts (side-scrapers, discoidal cores, choppers, flakes) Homo sp. 45.77237 13.638240 1, 24 C Both
24 Galeria 0.46-0.25 ESR, U-series, TL-IRSL, TT-OSL Dama dama, Cervus elaphus, Megaceroides solilhacus, Hemitragus bonali, Equus ferus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Ursus deningeri, Panthera leo, Lynx pardinus, Felis silvestris, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Meles meles, Mustela nivalis, Mustela putorius >600 stone artifacts (denticulates, notches, points, scrapers, endscrapers, cleavers, bifaces) H. heidelbergensis NA NA 27, 29, 30 C Both
25 Menez-Dregan ~0.45-0.15 ESR, TL >150k stone artifacts (chopers, bifaces, cleavers, cores, flakes) 47.98588 -4.474610 51 C Arch
26 Swanscombe 0.424-0.374 Biostratigraphy Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Megaloceros giganteus, Bos primigenius, Cervus elaphus, Dama dama Cores, flakes, bifaces H. neanderthalensis 51.44620 0.298900 58, 70 C Both
27 Terra Amata 0.424-0.373 Biostratigraphy Ursus arctos, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Sus scrofa, Bos primigenius, Hemitragus bonali, Cervus elaphus, Dama dama clactoniana, Apodemus sylvaticus, Microtus brecciensis, Arvicola cantianus Choppers, bifaces, cleavers, picks, cores 43.69778 7.289444 28, 63 C Arch
28 Beeches Pit 0.424-0.374 U-series, TL, AAR, Biostratigraphy Arvicola terrestris cantiana, Microtus subterraneus, Talpa minor, Trogontherium cuvieri, Bos primigenius, Oryctolagus cf. cuniculus Bifaces, nodules, cores, flakes 52.30860 0.643300 49 A Arch
29 Bilzingsleben 0.412-0.32 ESR, U-series Palaeoloxodon antiqus, Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis, Dicerorhinus hemitochus, Bison proscus, Cervus elaphus, Dama clactoniana, Capreolus suessenbornensis, Sus scrofa, Ursus deningeri, Castor fiber, Macaca florentina Homo sp. 51.28870 11.068600 17 C Fossil
30 Gruta da Aroeira 0.389-0.436 U-Series Cervus elaphus, Dama vallonnetensis, Praedama cf. savini, Haploidoceros mediterraneus, Stephanothinus, Iberomys brecciensis, Pliomys cf. episcopalis, Apodemus cf. flavicollis, Allocricetus bursae, Eliomys quercinus Flakes, cores, bifaces Homo sp. 39.50555 -8.615683 21, 54 C Both
31 Ceprano 0.357-0.349 40Ar/39Ar Palaeoloxodon antiquus >50 stone artifacts (cores, chopper-cores, scrapers, bifaces) Homo sp. 41.60330 13.513600 14, 45 B Arch
32 Orgnac 3 0.35-0.28 ESR, U-series, biostratigraphy Canis lupus, Crocuta crocuta spelaea, Ursus thibetanus, Vulpes vulpes, Panthera leo spelaea, Ursus deningeri, Ursus arctos, Cervus elaphus, Dama clactoniana, Bison priscus, Hemitragus bonali, Equus mosbachensis, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus >50k stone artifacts (core, flakes, pebble tools, bifaces) H. neanderthalensis 44.29438 4.420181 43 C Both
33 Schoningen 0.337-0.3 TL, Biostratigraphy Arvicola terrestris cantiana, Microtus subterraneus, Sorex minutus, Castor fiber, Panthera leo, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Ursus spelaeus, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, Equus mosbachensis, Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Cervus elaphus, Megaloceros giganteus, Bos primigenius, Bison priscus >1500 stone artifacts (cores, flakes, denticulates, scrapers, points) 52.13800 10.993000 52, 57, 65 C Arch
34 Kent’s Cavern >0.34 U-series, ESR, Biostratigraphy Ursus deningeri, Panthera leo, Arvicola cantiana, Microtus oeconomus, Pitymis gregaloides Mode 2 50.46730 -3.502500 50 C Arch
35 Steinheim 0.32-0.25 Biostratigraphy Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquiatatis, Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis, Dicerorhinus hemitoechus,Canis lupus, Ursus spelaeus, Panthera leo, Meles meles, Equus steinheimensis, Cervus elaphus, Megaloceros giganteus, Bison priscus, Sus scrofa, Bos primigenius, Bubalus murrensis, Castor fiber H. neanderthalensis 48.96833 9.276111 18, 64 C Fossil
36 Petralona 0.3-0.25 U-series, ESR Canis arnensis, Lycaon lycaonoides, Vulpes praeglacialis, Ursus deningeri, Ursus spelaeus, Ursus arctos, Pliohyaena perrieri, Pachycrocuta brevirostris, Crocuta crocuta, Panthera leo, Equus petraloniensis, Bos primigenius, Bison priscus, Capra ibex macedonica, Pliotragus macedonica, Cervus elaphus, Dama dama H. heidelbergensis 40.36970 23.159151 38, 62 C Fossil
37 Bolomor 13 0.268-0.2 TL, AAR Megaloceros giganteus, Equus ferus, Macaca sylvana, Paleoloxodon antiquus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Cervus elaphus, Bos primigenius, Hemitragus bonali, Oryctolagus cuniculus >35k stone artifacts (Chibanian samples include cores, flakes, denticulates,and scrapers) H. neanderthalensis 39.05980 -0.249900 8, 15 C Both
38 Ehringsdorf ~0.25-0.2 U-series, ESR Elephas antiquus, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, Equus chosaricus, Alces latifrons, Megaloceros giganteus, Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus, Dama dama, Sus scrofa, Ursus spelaeus, Ursus arctos, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Crocuta crocuta >900 stone artifacts (cores, flakes, bifaces) H. neanderthalensis 50.96667 11.349722 37, 55 C Both
39 Biache ~0.24 ESR, U-series, biostratigraphy Bos primigenius, Ursus arctos, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus H. neanderthalensis 50.31250 2.945000 10, 41 C Fossil
40 Pontnewydd ~0.23 U-series, TL Ochotona pusilla, Lepus cf. timidus, Castor fiber, Lemmus lemmus, Arvicola terrestris, Microtus oeconomus, Microtus gregalis, Vulpes vulpes, Panthera leo, Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis, Cervus elaphus, Rangifer tarandus, Ovis cf. antiqua >300 stone artifacts (cores, flakes, scrapers, bifaces) H. neanderthalensis 53.22710 -3.476300 32 C Both
41 Mollet 0.215 U-Series, Biostratigraphy Arvicola sp., Iberomys brecciensis, Microtus jansoni, Microtus arvalis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Eliomys quercinus, Cervus elphus, Dama sp., Capreolus capreolus, Bos primigenius, Stephanorhinus hemitoechus, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Crocuta crocuta, Ursus sp., Oryctolagus cuniculus Homo sp. 42.16310 2.747800 39, 40 C Fossil
42 Vertesszolos 0.211-0.161 U-Series, Biostratigraphy Canis lupus mosbachensis, Panthera gombaszogensis, Panthera leo, Ursus stehlini, Ursus deningeri, Equus mosbachensis, Capreolus capreolus, Hyaena brevirostris, Trogontherium scherlingi H. heidelbergensis 47.61884 18.380300 56 C Fossil
43 Lezetxiki VIII 0.175-0.155 U-series Dicerorhinus kirchbergensis, Bos priscus, Bos primigenius, Rupicapra rupicapra, Panthera spelaea, Ursus deningeri Mousterian H. neanderthalensis 43.07472 -2.533330 23 C Both
Show the code 
bib <- ReadBib("C:/Users/danny/Documents/git/SiteMaps/references2.bib", check = FALSE)
Ignoring entry 'de-la-ruaDirectUseriesAnalysis2016' (line326) because: 
    The name list field author cannot be parsed
Ignoring entry 'moncelOriginEarlyAcheulean2020' (line644) because: 
    The name list field author cannot be parsed
Ignoring entry 'vanasperenPositionSteinheimInterglacial2013' (line929) because: 
    The name list field author cannot be parsed
Ignoring entry 'vankolfschotenPalaeolithicLocalitySchoningen2014' (line941) because: 
    The name list field author cannot be parsed
Ignoring entry 'wenban-smithPalaeolithicArchaeologySwan2014' (line1019) because: 
    The name list field author cannot be parsed
Show the code 
# 1. Create a working copy
bib_clean <- bib
bib_clean$urldate <- NULL
bib_clean$doi <- NULL
bib_clean$url <- NULL

# 2. Sort it alphabetically (Standard APA)
bib_clean <- sort(bib_clean)

# 3. Print with manual numbering
for (i in seq_along(bib_clean)) {
  cat(paste0(i, ". ")) # This prints the number "1. ", "2. ", etc.
  print(bib_clean[i], .opts = list(
    style = "markdown", 
    bib.style = "authoryear", 
    first.inits = TRUE,
    dashed = FALSE
  ))
  cat("\n") # Adds a space between entries
}
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